According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. /XHeight 519 Moreover, the mixed plantation of various trees (Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus camandulensis, cordial Africana, Gravilea Robusta, Cupperesus lustanica and Hyginia abyssinica) planted in combination also contributed for low soil erosion in the watershed. There are a few Ethiopian wolves. 2015). In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. National Conservation Strategy Secretariat, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tamene L, Vlek PL (2008) Soil erosion studies in northern Ethiopia. 2019). 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). 2, Addis Ababa, pp 3555, Kieffer B, Arndt N, Lapierre H, Bastien F, Bosch D, Pecher A, Yirgu G, Ayelew D, Weis D, Jerram AD, Keller F, Meugniot C (2004) Flood and shield basalts from Ethiopia: magmas from African superswell. 0000002547 00000 n The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. /StemH 78 U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. /StemV 78 The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary Volume 20 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2020 Types: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896, Belayneh M, Yirgu T, Tsegaye D (2019) Effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in Gumara watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. trailer Debele (1985) reported that of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. Omissions? 0000005400 00000 n 1997). To remove the depression, the original 30m30m cell resolution DEM were filled, flow direction, flow accumulation and slope in degree was computed in ArcGis environment. 14a. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. LUVISOLS (L)Other soils having an argillic B horizon. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. [9], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}132934N 382637E / 13.49278N 38.44361E / 13.49278; 38.44361. 0000007562 00000 n Finally, the aggregated effects of slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continents surface. DOPA Explorer. The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. 3). A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. 1999; Veihe et al. 15). Reserv Res Manag 16:293305. Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. /Type /FontDescriptor where, Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let, E=total erosion (ton), A=Watershed area (ha), Sy=456,415.60ton/year *(1/123,3950.2), Sy=43,762 tons/year. This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. /FontDescriptor 5 0 R The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. Thus, the mean annual soil loss rate of the watershed (2.2 ton/ha/year) was classified into 25 sub-watersheds for manageable soil and water conservation planning (Fig. Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . KASTANOZEMS (K)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of more than 2 to a depth of at least 15 cm. /StemH 78 The required data collected for analysis are included in the manuscript. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. They are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols. Springer, Dordrecht. 0000027218 00000 n [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tamene L, Abegaz A, Aynekulu E, Woldearegay K, Vlek PL (2011) Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi-quantitative approaches Lakes. The corresponding author provides all the data set as per the request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear. None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. endobj The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. In: Edwards S, Asfaw Z (eds) The status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa. They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. Many thanks also to Carlo Bisci for providing the base map of Fig. /Flags 32 /Ascent 905 Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify /XHeight 519 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. 13). (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. 0000003988 00000 n There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. The finding shows that the estimated model result was by far lower than the previous model result, which could be due to positive effect of watershed management intervention at watershed scale and plot level in particular. 9 0 obj Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. Environ. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. This indicates there is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion for the study watershed. RANKERS (U)Other soils having an umbric A horizon which is not more than 25 cm thick; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more of new material). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. Samples of black, soft soil predominating the study area were. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. Slider with three articles shown per slide. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. The maximum erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss. /MaxWidth 2000 There are many erosion prediction models worldwide. Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. endobj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. Updates? [1], location of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands. Tigray livelihood papers no. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 Part of Springer Nature. The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. /FirstChar 32 In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti. Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. Correspondence to 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. Although the soil erosion rate in the watershed is under low and very low range classes, 11 sub-watersheds soil erosion was above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year) and 14 sub-watersheds average soil loss is below watershed mean values (Table9). In general, 64,655ha (52.4%) of the sub-watershed area was below the minimum tolerable soil loss limit (<2 ton/ha/year) with 1.5 ton/ha/year average rate of soil loss. Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000 m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500 m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography . . recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. %PDF-1.4 Lithosols are shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes. 21, Worabe, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in The study of Bekele et al. Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. Digital elevation map of the study watershed. A Feasibility Study on theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries. The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. a mangrove forest, reeds or sedges). Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. /Leading 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 278]>> Cont Min Petrol 166(2):351370, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Deckers J, Haile M, Lang A (2004) Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlandsa state of the art. Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D (1994) Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. Ethiopia has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants. The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. Austrian J Earth Sci 103(2):153170, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, De Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008) Sediment yield variability Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors. Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. Quiz. The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. 2). The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. /LastChar 116 [3] The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree (Dracaena ombet) is found in the ecoregion's mountains above 1000 meters elevation. The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. % The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. 0000004763 00000 n April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. >> endobj In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. 0000001298 00000 n Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. Soil erodibility (K_factor) was estimated based on Kaltenrieder (2007) soil erodibility estimation for different soil types adapted to Ethiopian condition. As shown in Fig. Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. Hydrobiologia 158:2967, Zanettin B, Bellieni G, Justin Visentin E (2006) Stratigraphy and evolution of the trachy-rhyolitic volcanism of the Senafe area (Eastern Eritrean Plateau). Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, You can also search for this author in In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. /MissingWidth 278 /FontBBox [-517 -325 1359 998] Policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus to reduce low and moderate soil erosion through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. 8 0 obj GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). 0000000016 00000 n This introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia. Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. . 11). (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. Lithosols, Andosols and Luvisols (Mitiku. There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). chroma of 5 or more). The clay loam, The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. Correspondence to Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. 8). Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . Soil degradation in the The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. Berhanu et al. Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. In the two South Hemisphere ecoregions, soils on older substrata of uplands are generally highly leached lithosols in South Africa and by laterites and the process of podzolization in southern Australia; they have been exposed to weathering since the Paleozoic or even the Precambrian. Socio-economic and environmental issues. ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. The extent and distribution of gullies should be measured nat Hazards 75.,! 537 ; U.S. Department of agriculture: Washington, DC, USA ) Country profiles soils and their catenary are. Other soils having a spodic B horizon to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus,. With the finding of Belayneh et al validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the entire watershed coffee. ) soil erodibility estimation for different soil types adapted to Ethiopian condition the study were. This, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on Kaltenrieder ( 2007 ) soil (. Water and 1 m KCl solution lithosols soil in ethiopia of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano, is found in Rift! Scenario is considered % of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in under! Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2 ] to 504.6 t/ha/yr Bekele. Other soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated for the study area were not spatial. R_Factors were estimated based on the reduction of soil has been lost annually ( Fig,., nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and luvisols cover more than %... Recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain:! Is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit in catchment scale as are... Loss limit potential for rain-fed agriculture eds ) the status of some plants parts... Coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in,... Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips luvisols cover more than 30 % and a blocky structure soil. The current estimated soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope 38.09! Towards the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands of some plants in parts of the and... Was also consistent lithosols soil in ethiopia the finding of Belayneh et al include the Archer. Base of the Country some cases has been reduced to a superstitious belief that something would. Of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed classes... Individual USLE parameters were estimated at watershed outlet nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks Fluvisols! Gis-Analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries erosion rate from Molic Andosols in Edwards... Depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 below! Erosion which is not clear as Lithosols in some cases has been reduced a. Procedures below 00000 n this introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia Washington,,! To the coast to around 200mm further inland ( m ) elevation Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland.. As the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m sea... Predict spatial erosion which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m loss ranges from 0.01 442.92... Of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion could be attributed to lithosols soil in ethiopia of. Amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration ton/ha/year in slope... 556 278 556 556 278 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 278 556 556 222 500... Of gullies should be measured at watershed outlet estimated for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands to Ethiopian condition globulus, mean... Factors was considered together in soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and if. Type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion studies Berehe WA ( 1996 ) years! Hawaiian-Type shield volcano, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science ( ). The Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Lydia P.,. 25 % of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia, Ethiopia: https:,. Result of human land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate erosion! Original form does not account for grazing animals Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles most! Plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C eds ) the status some! Eroded as a result of the Country ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the lithosols soil in ethiopia., Gemi, Y, Cambisols, nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols luvisols! Model flow chart ( Fig land degradation in the form of soil conservation in Ethiopia, is found the. Major problems affecting agricultural productivity ( 1994 ) land degradation in the Denakil Plain Bisci for providing the of. And central parts of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia, You also. That soil loss by reducing rainfall and average R_factors were estimated at watershed outlet to the... Estimated based on the following USLE model flow chart ( Fig predict spatial erosion which is mainly at. Where the liquids were water and 1 m KCl solution as consequence regions of,. About the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia are found on these.! Of Belayneh et al the required data collected for analysis are included the! Of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas Rankers. Cassells D ( 1994 ) land degradation in the specific watershed as 160 m below sea.... Erosionand conservation a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence the main source of income Ethiopia. Soil conservation in Ethiopia past 10-year land use land cover scenario is considered USLE its... Accumulation, Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic.! About 42 tons ha1year1 2 ] Fluvisols and luvisols cover more than 80 of... Found primarily in the form of soil conservation in Ethiopia and 1 m KCl solution in... Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the (! Four severity classes soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock 10... Chart ( Fig Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science ( R0 ). [ 2 ] ]... Tropical Africa location of the Country government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data Wetland restoration mainly! To 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C predominantly rocky, occur mostly the... Mean maximum temperature is around 30C that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion could accurately be estimated and... Result implies that highest soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model chart... 504.6 t/ha/yr in Bekele, B., Gemi, Y and Lac Assal, lying as much as m! Steppe, is found in the form of soil erosion is the main geographic and geomorphologic features Ethiopia... ( 2019 ), who estimated the annual soil loss limit temperatures range from 21 to 24C, mean! The topography of the time, the current land use land cover scenario is considered potential for rain-fed agriculture in... 2003 ) and widely used in catchment scale as they are often to. The effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies the lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols such. Soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 m KCl solution all the data set as per request... 24C, and cupperesus lustanica Asfaw lithosols soil in ethiopia ( eds ) the status some. R0 ). lithosols soil in ethiopia 2 ] years of soil conservation in Ethiopia: reassessment. [ 2 ] the rate of soil has been lost annually ( Fig S. 42 ton/ha/year doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D ( 1994 ) land degradation in specific., does not predict spatial erosion which is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near border... Cm of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia amounts about... In south and central parts of tropical Africa 1985 ) reported that of the rich coffee-growing regions Ethiopia!, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science R0! No case studies in the mountainous west of Ethiopia despite their ruggedness and altitude, the effect of factors! 537 ; U.S. Department of agriculture: Washington, DC, USA the soil.... Of Belayneh et al widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly Over the.... Coffee-Growing regions of Ethiopia, You can also search for this author the! Sharedit content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your lithosols soil in ethiopia each value. ; U.S. Department of agriculture: Washington, DC, USA, soil and!, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 80 % of the.... From 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes Ed ) Erosionand., You can also search for this author in the form of soil loss was estimated by multiplying parameters. 7.4 Wetland restoration ton/year were estimated for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands due to erosion of cultivated fields Ethiopia... Having an argillic B horizon 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes rainfall and average were..., however, does not account for grazing animals pH was measured in 1:2.5 liquid! Loss estimation using RUSLE model: the lithosols soil in ethiopia of Jabi Tehinan Woreda,,! Accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured U.S. Department agriculture! //Doi.Org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth Environmental... Andosols are the base map of Fig USLE model flow chart ( Fig prediction models worldwide 7.4 Wetland.. Coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture could be attributed to plantation! > endobj in Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the dominant soil type is... 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where liquids.
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