flood the people will already have their coffins Immediately following the failure at Buffalo Creek, representatives from the Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Geological Survey formed a task force to study coal waste hazards. I finally caught hold of the railroad with one hand and pulled my myself out. 22-45, Appalachian Journal and Appalachian State University, Social Justice, Vol. And for the survivors of the Buffalo Creek Disaster, there was little real recovery. This dam failure released 1.1 billion gallons of coal ash slurry into the Emory and Clinch rivers. You build them up with a bunch of political propaganda.., he said, also suggesting that the coal operators money installed the politicians in Washington, and then, you dont care nothing about us., Not long after the dams had burst, and the flood waters had raged through the Buffalo Creek communities, Pittstons New York public relations office, attempting to absolve the company from legal responsibility, issued a news release stating that the flood was an act of God. The dam, said the Pittston officials, was simply incapable of holding the water God poured into it.. [I]f you dont do something, she wrote, prophetically, were all going to be washed away. Her letter did bring a state inspector to visit the dams. Many coal waste impoundments had to be either modified or closed to eliminate hazardous conditions. An accounting of the disaster, and multiple investigations, would then proceed to piece together what had happened there, focused on the coal mining and dam building. Chad Motrie's 2003 history of Appalachian strip mining. Although influential, the book overlooks the impressive resiliency and advocacy demonstrated by many survivors within the community. Actual death toll would be 125, nearly twice early reports. Ralph Nader letter to Congressional committees raises dangers of coal dams. 1948US Department of Interior published an information circular, Burning Eventually, she and her husband, Arthur, rebuilt on the same spot as the old house. Pittston objected to Arnold & Porters more definite statement, asking the The pool was within three feet of the crest of the dam, and ominous cracks appeared. The water was there, and then it was gone, The moving wall of wastewater did its damage in seconds, in repeated fashion, as it moved down the hollow. Mine Safety and Health Administration) to the Buffalo Creek area a few days after the disaster. Pittstons Oil Division applied to Maines Department of Environmental Protection The report also noted the possibility that water and coal wastes in abandoned underground mines could break through auger holes and flow into the impoundment behind dam #3, as the practice of disposing coal sludges in abandoned underground mines had occurred in other areas of the state, with sludges breaking through to the surface in some cases. The outcome of the lawsuits surrounding Buffalo Creek go far in demonstrating the power divide between the haves and the have-nots in Appalachia. United States Army Corps of Engineers. But this dam dam No. One retired coal miner who survived the flood, but who lost his wife, daughter and granddaughter in the disaster, explained what he experienced in one Charleston Gazette account: How I got out of that water, I dont know I rode the house a long ways. The community continues to honor and remember those lost during the Buffalo Creek mining disaster. (ABA Required Disclosures). One newspaper, reporting on the study and the Senate hearings, used the headlines Army Corps of Engineers Says Dam Doomed From Start (below). Last month the Environmental Protection Agency ordered utilities to stop dumping waste into unlined storage ponds and speed up plans to close leaking or otherwise dangerous coal ash sites. By that time he had stopped screaming and drunk so much water and everything I dont what happened to him.. The couple had nine children. In addition to its coal debris, the slurry wave picked up an abrasive and destructive mixture of semi-rotten trees, rocks, and sediment as it went, gouging out the land and becoming a more lethal force capable of battering and sweeping away all in its path. What happened after the Buffalo Creek disaster? 2023 West Virginia University. /08. The Concept 2 . 3 on the Middle Fork was born out of the age-old practice in the coal fields of disposing of waste material and was constructed without utilizing technology developed for earthen dams and without using or consulting with professional persons qualified to design and build such a structure. . The Buffalo Creek Disaster: The Story of the Survivors . Suite 401 More than 507 homes were destroyed, along with 44 mobile homes and 30 businesses. The Buffalo Creek Disaster, February 26, 1972 One of worst floods in US occurred here 26 February 1972, when Buffalo Mining Co. impoundment dam for mine waste broke, releasing over 130 million gallons of black waste water: killed 125; property losses over $50 million; and thousands left homeless. July 3, 1974Plaintiffs/Pittston $13.5 million settlement agreement filed with Pierson recalled having to walk to Lorado and his father forcing his way into a company store in order to obtain formula for his infant sister, who was born Jan. 6 of that year. Children walk along the tracks in what remains of their community along Buffalo Creek, in West Virginia, on Feb. 27, 1972. That failure sent 300 million gallons of liquid coal waste tearing through the underground mine chambers, then spewing out of mountainside portals into valley streams below. The physical conditions leading to the failure of the dam are complex and involve a weak foundation and saturated embankment giving rise to failure of the downstream portion of the dam and a sudden total collapse of the remainder of the dam due to liquefaction. The Buffalo Creek disaster : how the survivors of one of the worst disasters in coal-mining history brought suit against the coal company -- and won. Buffalo Creek, West Virginia Division of Culture and History, 2012. (the diversity amount-in-controversy amount at the time). But those improved practices didnt last. Hundreds of families lost everything their homes, their belongings, their memorabilia. Im a bit of a prepper, Hall said, and that flood I think done it, because I dont never want to be caught again with nothing. Mine Safety Health Administration lists 570 active coal impoundments across the country. With little warning to residents, more than 130 million gallons of dark floodwaters tore through more than a dozen communities in the hollow. BMCthen builds dam #2. 3 had been built on top of coal slurry sediment that had collected behind the earlier dams 1 and 2, not on solid bedrock. Still highly regarded today, a 2011 paper in the Asian Journal of Social Science refers to Eriksons book as a classic piece on the sociological study of post-disaster societies., Some, however, have taken issue with Eriksons work and, on a larger scale, with outsiders views of Appalachia. survivor syndrome, what is known today as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). When Stern was talking to a former Pittston engineer, he learned something shocking. In addition to coal waste dams used in mining and coal washing operations, there are also more than 1,400 coal ash impoundments used mostly at or near coal-fired powerplants in the U.S. During World War II, almost a half million POWs were interned in the United States, where they forged sympathetic relationships with Black American soldiers. If you think you have been blocked in error, contact the owner of this site for assistance. Young draws parallels between Appalachia and the colonialist exploitation of Third World countries, as well as the exploitation of communities of color, such as Flint, Michigan. Jules Loh, Associated Press, Buffalo Creek Hollow: A Nice Place to Live Then The Flood, March 5, 1972. Many homes were lost during the Buffalo Creek mining disaster in 1972. It just doesnt seem that long ago that it happened, Harvey said. West Virginia Congressman Ken Heckler (D) had offered a bill in 1971 to ban all surface coal mining. From 1962 to 1972, three dams were built in on the middle fork of Buffalo Creek in Logan County. The pool behind Dam No. G. ERALD . Less than a year later, in February 1971, Dam No. 242-246, Appalachian Journal, Vol. The citizens commission report, formally titled. 2 (Spring 1973), pp. March 31In anSECfiling, Pittston stated that it believed Help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Children walk along the tracks in what remains of their community along Buffalo Creek on Feb. 27, 1972, The people are prisoners of the coal industry.. to Logan, W.Va., line making Logan Countys coal easily transportable to national Article Citation: In 2005, the ecosystem took another hit when water blew out of an abandoned coal mine, turning the creek green. Teaching with Reveal Digitals American Prison Newspapers Collection, a finalist for the National Book Award the year of its release, Buffalo Creek Revisited: Deconstructing Kai Eriksons Stereotypes,, The Rumble and the Dark: Regional Newspaper Framing of the Buffalo Creek Mine Disaster of 1972, Resilience in Post Disaster Societies: From Crisis to Development, Buffalo Creek Revisited: Deconstructing Kai Erikson's Stereotypes, "Do We Really Want to Go Down That Path? the increased regulation cost might bankrupt it and became open to buyout. Hall. Click for copy. a federal safety standard prohibiting refuse piles from impeding drainage or impounding document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Mannix Porterfield, a reporter who covered the events of that tragic day, later recalled the destruction left in the floods wake. A final federal strip mine bill, however, would not be signed into law until 1977. Gerald M.Stern writes the story of The Buffalo Creek Disaster, how a coal cleaning impoundment dam burst, killing 125 people injuring more than 1000 and causing over 4000 people to be homeless. The state later had to pay the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers more than $9 million for recovery work along Buffalo Creek. 1967The U.S. Department of Interior releases its Report on Condition [I]f you dont do some-thing, were all going to be washed away., By June 1970, Pittston had acquired the Buffalo Mining Company. Click for copy. Human relationships in this community had been derived from traditional bonds of kinship and neighborliness. Boulders donated by another mine operator were strategically placed in the creek. Robert Weedall, West Virginias climatologist, noted in later remarks that yes, Act of God is a legal term, but there were other perhaps more apt legal terms that might apply to what had happened in Buffalo Creek, such as involuntary manslaughter or criminal negligence. The record, however, would prove that acts of man had everything to do with what happened at Buffalo Creek. amzn_assoc_region = "US"; Nader and McAteer, in a letter to key members of Congress urging investigations, estimated that hundreds of thousands of West Virginians living in narrow Appalachian valleys, could be threatened by sudden catastrophic flooding from unstable coal waste dams. with little windows and doors and a small latch on Peter Galuszka's "Thunder on the Mountain". a vote of 12 million Robert Shogan's 2004 book, "The Battle of Blair Mountain". 1, No. If you are a WordPress user with administrative privileges on this site, please enter your email address in the box below and click "Send". Robert Weedall, West Virginias climatologist, noted in later remarks that yes, Act of God is a legal term, but there were other perhaps more apt legal terms that might apply to what had happened in Buffalo Creek, such as involuntary manslaughter or criminal negligence. The record, however, would prove that acts of man had everything to do with what happened at Buffalo Creek. Roland Staten, a coal miner who had managed to jump off of his house as it was being carried away by the rushing waters, held on to his son as he jumped. When forced to give up these long-standing ties with familiar places and people, the . Having faced several corruption allegations when serving as governor, Moore left office with this additional blemish on his record. In the year 2000, increased attention was focused on the regulation of coal waste impoundments following a failure near Inez, Kentucky. Coal waste dumping had gone on there for decades, up in the hills, at the headwaters of the Buffalo Creek. Lori Kersey, 40 Years Ago: Buffalo Creek Disaster, Charleston Gazette-Mail, February 25, 2012. Arch Moore accepted a $1 million settlement at the end of his second term. Nothing is the same around this place. The Buffalo Creek that survives today is calm in places and flows briskly in others, its rapids gurgling. And I aint never seen God up there driving no bulldozer dumping slate on that dam. Her remarks won applause from most everyone in the room. Two Films 1975 and 1984, Appalshop.org. He said the impoundment failure at Buffalo Creek was accompanied by multiple warnings. In just a few brief moments, 125 people were killed, 1,100 were injured, and over 4,000 were left without homes [1] as the result of a collapsed coal waste dam. Loss of Communality at Buffalo Creek, American Journal of Psychiatry, March 1976, pp. In the early morning hours of Saturday, February 26th, 1972, after three days of rain, a series of coal slurry impoundments in the upper reaches of the Buffalo Creek watershed in Logan County, West Virginia, were beginning to weaken. On Saturday, victims were being remembered at the same high school that served as a temporary morgue 50 years ago. The news of the Buffalo Creek Disaster broke variously across the nation the next few days, in part due to the difficulty of getting to the site. At that time, Like Kalgan mentions these cases sometimes end up "spending more money on litigation costs than on payments that end up in injured plaintiffs pockets" (Kagan, 138). As the wave moved down the mountain valley it wiped out much of what stood in its path. Mary Walton, Triangle of Blame Placed in Disaster, Charleston Gazette, May 30, 1972, p.1. Buffalo Mining Companys HD Media news reporter Dylan Vidovich can be contacted via email at dvidovich@hdmediallc.com. recommended an emergency spillway on Dam #3 in his inspection report. Railroad rails were twisted, cars were everywhere, bridges were on the roads instead of over the creek.. (plus appendices, vol. "one acre of area covered by water to a depth of 300 feet", OR Davitt McAteer's book on the 1907 Monongah mine disaster. A wave from the waste dam flooded and destroyed the Buffalo Creek community [2]. Create a password that only you will remember. But these werent the only investigations; there were also several others, including: one or more Congressional committees, the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Events Leading To The Buffalo Creek Disaster, BuffaloCreekFlood.org. However, he did question the ability of the overflow pipes in Dam No. The dams were intended to leak and serve as filters. This process was repeated when the third dam (Dam No. WV. At approximately 8 a.m., a coal waste dam collapsed on the Middle Fork of Buffalo Creek, releasing 132 million gallons of water, coal refuse, and silt into the narrow mountain valley. According to the U.S. EPA, there are over 1,000 operating coal ash waste ponds and landfills, plus many hundreds of retired coal ash disposal sites. - $13 million - Initially asked for $32 million - 2016: would be $65,208,559 (without legal and contingency fees) The outcome for Arnold & Porter - $3 million in legal fees (1974) - 43,000 man-hours . Chronology of a Disaster, BuffaloCreek Flood.org. According to one assessment at the time: These impromptu structures were hardly dams in any technical sense They were simply piles of coal waste, clay, shale, red dog, and other by-products of the coal preparation process, dumped off the back of trucks and bulldozed to an even height. In March 1967, a partial collapse at one of the dams caused some flooding in the hollow, alarming residents already concerned about the structures. The company was operating eight mines in the vicinity and ran all the coal through the preparation plant above the dams. and damage claims. He lives in my building. Aerial photograph used during investigation of Buffalo Creek Disaster, showing the approximate locations of the three coal waste gop dams, and the path taken by coal slurry flood wave on its destructive run downstream. Those parts of the book are the choices regarding: who to name as defendant; what court to file in; and what type of suit to file. 302-305. Buffalo Creek Mine Disaster: Feb. 26, 1972. Both the Governors Commission and the Citizens Commission set about their investigations, and each group began holding public hearings and collecting information regarding the disaster. Me driving a bus, I knew about 80% of these people, and every name that went by, I can visualize them at that time, Moore said. Youve still got your church. 1969Congress enacted the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act. Chance of rain 100%. to a federal court which would require the court to allow a piercing of the Buffalo Mining Company's corporate vail Needed a way to circumvent the $110,000 max wrongful death settlement in West Virginia -$110,000 is the cap for compensatory damages -if it could be proven that Pittston's conduct was "willful, or reckless or wanton then the 2/3 (152/153) (2018), pp. The Buffalo Creek (W.Va.) flood is one of the most extensively examined and longest followed disasters in the psychiatric study of trauma. Ben A. Franklin, Flood Survivors Sue Mine Concern; Plaintiffs Ask $64-Million Seek Damages Over Survivor Syndrome; 800 Pages of Testimony; A Sound Like Thunder, New York Times, April 18, 1973. dam will hold. Juliet Eilperin and Steven Mufson, Many Coal Sludge Impoundments Have Weak Walls, Federal Study Says, Washington Post, April 24, 2013. A coal mine explodes - and a dam fails. The huge wall of coal wastewater was 30 feet high and 550 feet wide as it gouged its way down the hollow, first smashing through Saunders and then, successively through Pardee, Lorado, Londale, and a dozen other small villages in the narrow creek valley. Buffalo Creek Flood, 1972, Online Exhibit /Special Collections, Marshall University, 2002. The Buffalo Creek Flood and Disaster: Official Report from the Governor's Ad Hoc Commission of Inquiry. November 20, 1968: Farmington coal mine disaster Headlines from an Associated Press story reporting that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers -- also testifying at U.S. Senate hearings -- found the the Pittston Coal Co. dam above Buffalo Creek was "doomed from the start.". Or something else altogether? 417-424, Appalachian Journal, Vol. Buffalo Creek Coal Mine, Logan County, WV Written at SFSU in 2017 About 45 years ago, at the U.S.' coal mining peak, the country had one of its worst mining-related disasters at Buffalo Creek, Logan County, West Virginia [1]. The .gov means its official. As if some foreign enemy had flown in and nuked the place. July 5, 1973Judge Hall granted plaintiffs motion to amend their complaint. Stephen Young, a Marshall University professor and criminologist, recently wrote an article focused on the 2014 Elk River chemical spill, which left 300,000 West Virginians without clean water. Arnold and Porter noticed Pittstons president and vice-presidents depositions When the impoundments up in the hills gave way that February morning, a tsunami-like wall of thick, black coal wastewater went crashing down the hollow, wiping out homes and lives. 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